{"id":3046,"date":"2018-02-08T19:42:12","date_gmt":"2018-02-08T17:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/?p=3046&lang=en"},"modified":"2018-02-09T02:04:13","modified_gmt":"2018-02-09T00:04:13","slug":"turkey-eu-candidate-country","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/","title":{"rendered":"Turkey as an EU candidate country"},"content":{"rendered":"

AHIF Policy Journal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Volume 9: Spring 2018<\/strong><\/p>\n

Turkey as an EU candidate country<\/strong>
\nDespina Afentouli <\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1987, Turkey applied for full membership to the European Union (EU), yet the
\nEuropean-Turkish relations have been tested in a number of ways. Turkey\u2019s EU
\ncandidacy has caused contradicting points of view, including the future of the European
\nUnion. The negotiation process includes the harmonization of the Turkish law with the
\nEuropean law \u2013 this is one of the most challenging parts. In 2006, from the 35 subject areas
\nof law (chapters), 8 chapters could not be opened and no chapters can be provisionally
\nclosed if Turkey will not apply the \u2018Additional Protocol to the Ankara Association
\nAgreement\u2019 to Cyprus.1<\/p>\n

The EU enlargement<\/strong>
\nAccording to the European Parliament Director General for external policies of the
\nUnion and Policy analyst for the Western Balkans and Turkey, Andr\u00e9 De Munter, \u201cThe
\nEU\u2019s enlargement policy aims to unite European countries in a common political and
\neconomic project. Guided by the Union\u2019s values and subject to strict conditions,
\nenlargement has proved to be one of the most successful tools in promoting political,
\neconomic and societal reforms, and in consolidating peace, stability and democracy
\nacross the continent. Enlargement policy also enhances the EU\u2019s presence on the global
\nstage.\u201d2<\/p>\n

In other words, there is a legal framework (conditions) to be followed by any
\nEuropean state in order to become a member of the EU. On the Treaty of Lisbon- the
\nTreaty of the EU, Article 49 explains which states are eligible to apply and on Article 2 of
\nthe Treaty of the European Union, the EU\u2019s founding values are presented.3<\/p>\n

During the EU\u2019s integration process, it is necessary of any candidate or potential
\ncandidate country to following the Copenhagen criteria (1993), including:<\/p>\n

\uf02d the stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human
\nrights and respect for and protection of minorities;<\/p>\n

\uf02d a functioning market economy and the ability to cope with competitive
\npressure and market forces within the EU;<\/p>\n

\uf02d the ability to take on the obligations of membership, including by adhering
\nto the aims of political, economic and monetary union, and adopting the
\ncommon rules, standards and policies that make up the body of EU law (the
\nacquis communautaire).\u201d4<\/p>\n

The European Council also approved the \u201crenewed consensus on enlargement\u2019
\n(2006), which was based not only, on \u2018consolidation, conditionality and communication\u2019,
\nbut also on the EU\u2019s capacity to integrate new members; the Treaty of Lisbon was
\nadopted, to change the composition and work of the most important EU institutions, so
\nthat the enlargement would not affect EU policymaking.\u201d5<\/p>\n

Regarding the process towards joining the EU, a country applies first to the
\nCouncil and then, the Council asks the opinion of the Commission about it. It must be
\nnoted that the European Parliament is informed about this certain application.
\nDepending on the Commission\u2019s opinion, the European Council has the opportunity to
\ndecide by unanimity, whether to grant the candidate status to the applicant country. The
\nCommission gives a recommendation and then the Council unanimously decides about
\nopening the negotiations or not.6<\/p>\n

The EU legislation includes over 30 policy chapters. More specifically, the EU
\nAcquis, which is 130,000 pages, consists of 35 chapters, including \u201cthe content, principles
\nand political objectives of the Treaties on which the Union is founded; legislation and
\ndecisions adopted pursuant to the Treaties, and the case law of the Court of Justice; other
\nacts, legally binding or not, adopted within the Union framework [\u2026] and other acts
\nwithin the framework of the common foreign and security policy [\u2026], of justice and home
\naffairs; international agreements concluded by the Communities, the Communities
\njointly with their Member States, the Union, and those concluded by the Member States
\namong themselves with regard to Union activities;\u201d the EU Acquis is constantly
\ndeveloping as new rules and regulations are integrated.7<\/p>\n

Prior to the beginning of the negotiations, the Commission provides a so-called
\n\u201cscreening\u201d report chapter by chapter. The \u201cscreening process,\u201d which \u201cis the
\npreparatory stage of accession negotiations [\u2026], forms the basis for the bilateral
\nnegotiations between the European Union and the various candidate countries, [\u2026]
\nallowing the latter to familiarize themselves with EU law and demonstrate their capacity
\nto put it into effect [\u2026]\u201d and helps \u201c\u2026to identify those areas of EU law in which progress
\nis needed if the candidate countries’ legislation is to be compatible with EU rules. These
\nareas are divided into chapters, which are negotiated individually,\u201d whereas, \u201cA further
\nscreening exercise may be carried out during the accession negotiations if EU law has
\nbeen updated\u201d\u00a08<\/p>\n

Based on the Commission\u2019s recommendation, the Council agrees unanimously
\nwhether it should open each new negotiation chapter. If progress is considered\u00a0satisfactory, the Commission can recommend \u2018provisionally closing\u2019 a chapter and decide
\nunanimously. As soon as negotiations on all the policy chapters are finished, the terms
\nand conditions – safeguard clauses and transitional arrangements may also be included \u2013
\nare included into an accession treaty between the EU Member States and the candidate
\nstate. Only if the Parliament agrees and the Council approves by unanimity, the accession
\ntreaty can be signed; it is then submitted by all contracting states for ratification,
\naccording to their constitutional requirements (for instance ratification by parliament or
\nreferendum).9<\/p>\n

According to the Article 49 of the Treaty of the EU, the role of the European
\nParliament is important on the financial sides of accession, as, according to the Treaty of
\nLisbon, the Parliament\u2019s opinion is necessary for implementing the multiannual financial
\nframework (MFF). Its budgetary powers influence directly \u201cthe amounts allocated to the
\nInstrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA).\u201d10<\/p>\n

The European Parliament\u2019s Committee on Foreign Affairs assigns \u201cstanding
\nrapporteurs for all candidate and potential candidate countries,\u201d exchanges regularly
\npoints of view with the Commissioner responsible for enlargement negotiations, highlevel
\ngovernment officials, civil society representatives, and experts. The European
\nParliament presents its positions on the annual resolutions, as an answer to the
\nCommission\u2019s latest annual \u2018country reports\u2019. The European Parliaments resolutions on
\nthe EU\u2019s enlargement strategy determine the policy. Regular bilateral relations are kept
\nbetween the European Parliament and the parliaments of candidate and potential
\ncandidate countries through the Parliament\u2019s delegations; these are discussed with their
\ncounterparts\u2019 issues, which are related to the EU accession process. 11<\/p>\n

The Case of Turkey<\/strong><\/p>\n

Two years afterthe creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), in 1959,
\nTurkey was one of the first countries striving for co-operation with EEC Soon after, on
\nSeptember 12, 1963, the \u201cAgreement Creating An Association Between the Republic of
\nTurkey and the European Economic Community,\u201d known as the \u201cAnkara Agreement,\u201d
\nwas signed, which, as it was mentioning, aimed \u201cto ensure a continuous improvement in
\nliving conditions in Turkey and in the European Economic Community through
\naccelerated economic progress and the harmonious expansion of trade, and to reduce the
\ndisparity between the Turkish economy and the economies of the Member States of the
\nCommunity;\u201d the Agreement also included a Customs Union (CU), so as Turkey to be in
\nthe position to freely trade goods and agricultural products with countries within the
\nEEC.12<\/p>\n

Turkey\u2019s full membership application was submitted to the European Council on
\nApril 14, 1987. The negotiations began in 1993, whereas in 1996, the Customs Union\u00a0between the EU and Turkey was created. In 1999, the country was granted the candidate
\nstatus at the Helsinki Summit. To be noted that in 1999, with the US encouragement,13
\nGreece and Turkey a discussion was initiated on Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
\non the occasion of high significance political issues; as a result, the Greek government
\napproved Turkey’s path to Europe. The European Council in Helsinki declared that the
\npolitical solution of the Cyprus Issue will facilitate the Cyprus accession to the EU in 2004,
\nwithout, however, this to be a precondition.14<\/p>\n

The EU-Turkey Accession Partnership was adopted by the EU Council on March
\n8, 200. This was actually a plan for Turkey on how to join the EU. Eleven days later, the
\n\u201cNational Program for the Adoption of the Acquis\u201d (NPAA), namely the EU law, was
\nadopted by the Turkish government. In September 2001, during the Copenhagen
\nSummit, the EU Council approved the increase of the EU financial support (\u201cpreaccession
\ninstrument.15)<\/p>\n

In 2005, negotiations were opened. During the screening process, out of the 35
\nchapters, 16 were opened to negotiations and only one chapter \u201c(\u201c25-Science and
\nResearch\u201d) had been provisionally closed. In December 11, 2006, \u201cThe negotiations on 8
\nchapters cannot be opened (\u201c1-Free Movement of Goods,\u201d \u201c3-Right of Establishment and
\nFreedom to Provide Services,\u201d \u201c9-Financial Services,\u201d \u201c11-Agriculture and Rural
\nDevelopment,\u201d \u201c13-Fisheries,\u201d \u201c14-Transport Policy,\u201d \u201c29-Customs Union\u201d and \u201c30-
\nExternal Relations\u201d ) as a result of the EU Council decision of December 2006 and no
\nchapters can be provisionally closed on the grounds that Turkey does not undertake its
\nobligations stemming from the Additional Protocol to Ankara Agreement in its
\nentirety\u201d16 and therefore, \u201cuntil Turkey applies the \u2018Additional Protocol to the Ankara
\nAssociation Agreement\u2019 to Cyprus.\u201d17<\/p>\n

On May 17, 2012, the \u201cPositive Agenda\u201d was launched with Turkey by the
\nEuropean Commission to revive their relations. \u201cPositive Agenda should bring fresh
\ndynamics and new momentum into our relations,\u201d explained EU’s Enlargement
\nCommissioner, Stefan Fule, at a joint press conference with Turkey’s EU Minister Egemen
\nBagis in Ankara. \u201cOur aim is to keep the accession process alive and put it properly back
\non track after a period of stagnation which has been a source of frustration for both sides,\u201d
\nhe added, stressing that the Agenda \u201cwas not to replace, but to complement and support
\nTurkey’s accession process.\u201d The EU\u2019s Enlargement Commissioner also \u201clisted these
\nareas as alignment with EU legislation, political reforms and fundamental rights, visa,
\nmobility and migration, trade, energy, counter-terrorism and dialogue on foreign policy\u201d
\nand stressed that \u201cthe task of the working groups created within the scope of Positive
\nAgenda would be to accelerate the process of alignment of Turkey with EU policies and
\nstandards under eight chapters\u201d and \u201cthat the Positive Agenda aimed at bringing back
\ncredibility to Turkey’s EU accession process.\u201d18<\/p>\n

The EU Commission\u2019s Enlargement Strategy Paper referred to the proposal of
\ncreating a ”Positive Agenda” in Turkish-EU relations and mentioned, as the key elements
\nof this agenda \u201cintensified dialogue and cooperation in political reforms, visa, mobility
\nand migration, energy, fight against terrorism, more Turkish participation in the
\nCommunity programs, sister cities, trade and the Customs Union and support for efforts
\nto comply with the acquis\u201d and predicted informal talks between the Commission and
\nTurkey on the eight blocked chapters.19<\/p>\n

The Working Groups meetings seemed to have a positive outcome, as Turkey met
\nfour closing standards in the \u201cCompany Law,\u201d \u201cConsumer and Health Protection\u201d and
\n\u201cFinancial Control\u201d chapters. Thus, the developments on Turkish membership were
\ncrucial later on; a new negotiating chapter focusing on regional policy and coordinating
\nstructural instruments was opened in 2013 and in 2015, a chapter on economic and
\nmonetary policy was opened on December 14 following the EU-Turkey meeting of
\nNovember 29.20<\/p>\n

2016 seemed to also be a crucial year for EU-Turkey relations; on March 18, a
\nmutual action plan to stop the movement of irregular migrants to EU and reactivation of
\nTurkey\u2019s membership procedure were reconfirmed, as well as the acceleration of the visa
\nliberalization process was agreed. On June 30, an additional negotiating chapter, which
\nwas focused on financial and budgetary provisions, was opened. However, in July, due
\nto the \u201cattempted coup\u201d in Turkey, the European Parliament adopted a resolution
\n(November), calling for freezing temporarily the ongoing negotiations with Turkey\u2019s
\nmembership.21<\/p>\n

After the leaders\u2019 discussion at the EU Council, in October 2017, the College
\ndiscussed Turkey\u2019s pre-accession support. The Commissioner for European
\nNeighborhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, Johannes Hahn, outlined the
\ncurrent pre-accession support, and what should be done next. The European Commission
\nwill show alternatives \u201con the adaptation of the indicative financial allocations for Turkey
\nfor the years 2018-2020.\u201d These will be shown to the General Affairs Council (GAC) in
\nDecember 2017, so as a political decision to be taken. Until then, following the Presidency
\nconclusions of the previous year\u2019s GAC (December 2016). The Commission was currently
\naimed at ongoing pre-accession funding on important areas such as fundamental rights,
\nthe rule of law, civil society, and people-to-people contacts. These areas would be
\npreserved in future support programs.22<\/p>\n

On November 30, 2017, \u201cthe Council and the European Parliament separately
\napproved the deal reached on 18 November 2017 in the conciliation committee on the
\n2018 budget,\u201d namely the EU budget for year 2018 is adopted; taken into account the
\nsituation in Turkey, regarding democracy, human rights, press freedom, and rule of law,
\n\u201cits pre-accession funds have been cut by \u20ac105 million compared to the Commission’s\u00a0initial proposal, with a further \u20ac70 million held in reserve until the country makes
\n\u201cmeasurable sufficient improvements\u201d in these fields.\u201d23<\/p>\n

Issues Regarding Turkey\u2019s EU membership<\/strong><\/p>\n

Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy has caused contradicting points of view, regarding the
\nfuture of the European Union itself. Turkey\u2019s population is large. It is estimated that by
\nyear 2020, Turkey will have the largest population within the EU (87 million inhabitants).
\nThis means that Turkey would play a leading role within the EU, as it would elect the
\nlargest number of members of the European Parliament. It is expected, that the Turkish
\naccession would cost 11.3 billion per year on farming subsidies.24<\/p>\n

On financial terms, according to a research analysis on Turkey\u2019s economy by the
\nForeign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom published on 2014, Turkey is
\nthe fastest emerging market in Europe and OECD. Its GDP per capita is larger than that
\nof both Bulgaria and Romania combined. Other facts on the same report show that
\nTurkey has the highest number of youth population, the fourth largest labor force in
\ncomparison to 27 European countries and that according to HSBC\u2019s \u201cThe World in 2050\u201d
\nreport, Turkey is expected to be the world\u2019s twelfth and Europe\u2019s fifth largest economy
\nuntil 2050. Moreover, Turkey has been in the Customs Union since 1995 and has free trade
\nagreements and negotiations with many other countries.25<\/p>\n

All the data show that the balance of the trade within the countries of the European
\nUnion by Turkey\u2019s accession might lead to instability. Thus, the opponents of Turkey\u2019s
\nEU accession question whether Turkey can really be a part of the EU because the
\nconditions during the time Turkey applied where different to today; the Eurozone crisis
\nhas led the EU to have a more federal approach to law, politics and fiscal matters and
\nstress that the political union of Europe will be threatened because of Turkey\u2019s EU
\nmembership, whereas those who support Turkey\u2019s membership are also supporters of
\nthe free trade.<\/p>\n

Supporters of Turkey\u2019s EU accession believe that Turkey\u2019s geographical position
\nwill increase Europe\u2019s role at international level; through Turkey, Europe will extend to
\nregions with key natural resources and will increase its Common Foreign and Security
\nPolicy. The fact that Turkey is NATO\u2019s second largest military force is also a contributing
\nfactor to this (The United States of America have the first largest military force in NATO).<\/p>\n

It must be noted that according to Yalcin Topcu, who is the adviser of Turkey\u2019s
\nPresident Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey needs to reexamine its NATO membership and
\nwithdraw about 40 troops from the organization in Norway, after he found out that
\nTurkey’s founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, and President Erdogan were described as
\n\u201cenemies\u201d at a stand with \u201cenemies\u2019\u201d portraits during NATO’s \u201cTrident Javelin\u201d exercise\u00a0on November 8-17, 2017 in Norway. NATO’s Secretary-General, Jens Stoltenberg, and
\nNorway’s Defense Minister, Frank Bakke-Jensen, apologized to Turkey over the incident
\n(Mail Online, 2017), which Turkish officials have described as one of the \u201cgreatest
\nscandals\u201d in the alliance’s history.26<\/p>\n

One of the most crucial issues of Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy is the religion. Turkey is
\na secular state, namely it has not an official religion, yet it will be the first Muslim country
\nto join the EU, since most of its citizens are Muslims. The Economist has noted that, \u201cIn
\nfact, Turkey is far from secular, if that implies an arm’s-length relationship between faith
\nand politics as the chief imam is a civil servant and the head of the Religious Affairs
\nDirectorate, which is the top religious authority in Turkey.\u201927 Despite the fact that Turkey
\nofficially recognizes the freedom of religion, the question is whether all minorities have
\nbeen equally treated in Turkey. The German pastor J Lepsius said on January 31, 1917,
\nthat the expulsion of the Greeks and the Armenians was a program of two phases \u2013 the
\nextinction of the Christian elements in Turkey.28 Taken into account that Europe is mainly
\nChristian and has a different culture from Turkey, the question remains on what the
\nfuture of Europe will be if Turkey joins the EU.<\/p>\n

Turkey\u2019s Armenian Genocide recognition was an issue of discussion on whether
\nthis should be a condition for Turkey to join the European Union. More than twenty
\ncountries, including Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia, as well as Pope
\nFrancis, the European Parliament and the United Nations Sub-Commission on
\nPrevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, have all officially recognized
\nArmenian genocide. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States of
\nAmerica and Israel are using another terminology to define what genocide is. Turkey
\nreacted, refused to recognize the Armenian genocide and did not accept such as
\nprecondition to enter the EU. In 2006, the EU Parliament voted against a proposal to
\ninclude the Armenian genocide recognition as a criterion for Turkey\u2019s EU membership
\nand in 2011, it did not approve a similar proposal by Greeks and Greek-Cypriots.<\/p>\n

Human rights, women\u2019s rights, and the freedom of press are just some of the issues
\nthat Turkey faces as a candidate country. It has been estimated that in the aftermath of
\nthe coup the attempted coup against Turkey\u2019s president, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, and the
\nJustice and Development Party (AKP) government, more than 50,000 people have been
\njailed pending trial and some 150,000 have been sacked or suspended from their jobs in
\nthe military, public and private sector.29<\/p>\n

According to the Human Rights Watch, the restrictions that followed were
\n\u201csymptomatic of the government\u2019s increasing authoritarianism\u2026.Under the state of
\nemergency, the president presides over the cabinet, which can pass decrees without
\nparliamentary scrutiny or possibility of appeal to the constitutional court;\u201d Decrees
\npassed include measures that conflict with basic human rights safeguards, such as\u00a0dismissal from public service without an investigation, confiscation of property without
\njudicial review, police custody of up to thirty days, reintroduction of incommunicado
\ndetention, namely detainees can be denied access to a lawyer in the first five days of
\ncustody, increasing risks of ill-treatment, and Turkey\u2019s obligations under international
\nand domestic law.\u201d30<\/p>\n

The Human Rights Watch highlights that \u201cTurkey temporarily derogated from
\n[\u2026] many of the protections in the European Convention on Human Rights and
\nInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, although it is prohibited from
\nderogating from core obligations, including the absolute prohibition on torture or illtreatment
\nof detainees [\u2026], such as beating and stripping detainees, use of prolonged
\nstress positions, and threats of rape, as well as threats to lawyers and interference with
\nmedical examinations.\u201d31<\/p>\n

For instance, on November 16, 2017, Turkey announced that it would reduce to
\nthe minimum required to retain membership in the Council of Europe human rights
\nbody, because the Council awarded the imprisoned Turkish judge, Murat Arslan, with
\nthe Vaclav Havel Human Rights Prize. Ankara accuses judge Arslan for having links to
\n2016 \u201ccoup\u201d attempt and US-based cleric Fethullah Gulen. Judge Arslan explained in his
\nmessage that human rights are being systematically violated in Turkey, \u201cI am addressing
\nyou from a prison in a country where the law is put in brackets, where the values of
\ndemocracy are gradually moving away, where dissident voices are silenced, where the
\ndefenders of law, journalists, (and) those who wish for peace are declared terrorists.\u201d32<\/p>\n

Similarly, according to Human Rights Watch, the Turkish government has
\nattempted to \u201csilence\u201d media criticism and has scrutiny government policy in Turkey in
\nmany ways, including canceling press accreditation of critical journalists, threatening,
\nphysical attacking, prosecuting, and jailing them, seizing or closing down media
\ncompanies, such as Zaman newspaper, and blocking news websites critical to the
\ngovernment and has been the only country to have \u201cmade the highest number ofrequests
\nto Twitter of any country to censor individual accounts.\u201d33<\/p>\n

Until 2008, the Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code, it was a crime to insult
\n\u201cTurkishness,\u201d the republic and specific government bodies. However, after the awarded
\nauthor, Orhan Pamuk and the journalist, Hrant Dink, had referred on their works on the
\nTurkey\u2019s Armenians genocide, were among those who were \u201cpersecuted under this
\nprovision\u201d for offending \u201cTurkishness.\u201d Dink was murdered in 2007. The European
\nHuman Rights Court characterized this \u201cviolation of the basic freedom of expression\u201d
\nand \u201ccondemned the Turkish government for its involvement in the death of Hrant
\nDink.\u201d In order to align Turkish law with the EU principles in relation to freedom of the
\npress and expression, Turkey replaced the terms \u201cTurkishness\u201d and \u201crepublic\u201d with
\n\u201cTurkish nation\u201d and \u201cRepublic of Turkey.\u201d34<\/p>\n

Likewise, in 2016, more than 1,000 university professors signed a petition
\ncriticizing Turkey\u2019s government policy in the Southeast and supported political
\nnegotiations with the PKK and were \u201csubjected to a criminal investigation for \u201cinsulting\u201d
\nthe Turkish state;\u201d this resulted to the dismissal of certain academics-signatories.
\nInternational pressure, along with the United Nations Secretary General, contributed to
\nthe release of journalists from unjustified detention. It must be highlighted that Turkey
\nbecame \u201ca world leader\u201d in imprisoning journalists, because of the high number of
\njournalists in pretrial imprisonment due to their writing.35<\/p>\n

Regarding Women\u2019s rights, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of
\nDiscrimination against Women recommended \u2013 amongst others \u2013 to the government to
\naddress gender inequality and support women\u2019s and girls\u2019 access to education,
\nemployment, reproductive health, and justice, with an emphasis on the difficulties faced
\nby women and girl refugees, asylum seekers and Kurdish women, as well as on
\nguaranteeing full access in public hospitals to authorized abortion. The Turkish
\ngovernment has accepted the Council of Europe Convention on Violence against Women
\nand Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention), however, violence against women is still
\na crucial issue, because of deaths caused not only by domestic violence, but also by the
\nso called \u201chonor\u201d killings.<\/p>\n

Greek-Turkish Relations<\/strong><\/p>\n

One of the necessary criteria for Turkey\u2019s EU accession is to recognize all the
\nEuropean member-states, including the Republic of Cyprus and apply the \u2018Additional
\nProtocol to the Ankara Association Agreement\u2019 to Cyprus.\u201d 36 Since the invasion and\u00a0occupation of a third of Cyprus, Turkey not only to refuses officially recognize Cyprus, a\u00a0full EU member state since 2004, but also in 1983, established the self-declared \u201cTurkish\u00a0Republic of Northern Cyprus,\u201d which is only recognized by Turkey, bringing Turkish settlers from Anatolia to Cyprus, in an attempt of the Turkish occupied forces to alter\u00a0decisively the demographics of the occupied northern part of Cyprus. Turkey\u2019s refusal to\u00a0recognize the Republic of Cyprus has led to the international isolation of Northern
\nCyprus, until Turkey opens the sea ports and airports to Cyprus. Until then, the EU has
\nfrozen eight chapters in Turkey\u2019s EU accession discussions.<\/p>\n

In 2004, the Annan Plan for Cyprus was mainly accepted by the Turks and the
\nTurkish-Cypriots, whereas the majority of the Greek Cypriots rejected it as they felt that
\nthe Annan plan for Cyprus satisfied mainly Turkey\u2019s demands and the interests of the
\nUS, the UK, and Turkey. Some of the major concerns forthe Greek-Cypriots were whether
\nthe proposed government policy would work effectively at practical level, the impact of
\nthe economic development of the occupied part of Cyprus economy to the Greek-Cypriot
\neconomy, the fact that there were no guarantees regarding the security of the Greek-Cypriots, which is related to the issue of the presence of the Turkish settlers on the island,
\nthe failure of protecting the Greek-Cypriots\u2019 human rights on how to exercise, for
\nexample, their profession in Cyprus, the fact that the Greek-Cypriots\u2019 properties would
\nbe undertaken, which is against to the decisions of the European courts, such as Titina
\nLoizidou\u2019s case, the fact that the Republic of Cyprus would have to pay for the
\ncompensation of the Greek-Cypriot refugees because its economy is stronger than the
\neconomy, creating two competitive economies on the same island, and the fact that all
\nthe Turks would be free to move the Greek-Cypriots side, whereas the Greek-Cypriot
\nrefugees would not be equally aloud to return to their houses.<\/p>\n

As the President of International Co-ordinating Committee \u201cJustice for Cyprus\u201d
\n(PSEKA) in the US, Philip Christopher, said, the agreement of Cyprus on becoming an
\nEU member-state was to solve the Cyprus Problem and Turkey would continue
\nbecoming a member-state of the EU, which has not happened yet, because, it is true that
\n[other] European countries, have always been using both Greece and Cyprus, as the
\nreason why Turkey has not joined the EU. However, he explains, the fact that no country
\nhas recognized the pseudo-state of the Turks in Cyprus, the fact that the Republic of
\nCyprus has so many bilateral agreements with the US, the fact that the American
\ncompanies are developing in the Republic of Cyprus, to all these a significant role has
\nplayed the Omogeneia in the US and these will help us in the future to solve the Cyprus
\nProblem.37<\/p>\n

The President of Cyprus, Nicos Anastasiades, at his greeting at the event at the
\nPresidential Palace said that \u201cour aim remains Cyprus to be developed as a \u201cnormal
\ncountry,\u201d as aptly has the UN Secretary General characterize it, far away from guarantees,
\nfar away from intervention rights, far away from the permanent presence of the Turkish
\nsettlers in Cyprus.\u201d38<\/p>\n

Apart from the Cyprus Issues, another important issue for Greek-Turkish relations
\nis the casus belli dispute on Aegean territorial sea borders. As the Professor of
\nInternational Politics, Dean of the School of International Studies, Communication and
\nCulture at Panteion University of Athens-Greece, and Director of the Center of Eastern
\nStudies, Christodoulos Yiallourides, highlighted that the Greek-Turkish relations are
\nhistorically rooted back to the Greek revolution and went through the struggles of the
\nGreeks for freedom, which ended in 1922 with the Asia Minor destruction. As he further
\nexplained, during the 1950s, the Greek-Turkish relations were defined through the
\nCyprus Issues, where the Struggles of the Greeks of Cyprus for self-determination and
\nUnion with Greece found the British against, who involved Turkey and since then the
\nbasic issue of the Greek-Turkish conflict is more related to the Cyprus problem.39<\/p>\n

Professor Yiallourides stressed that the Greek-Turkish relations level of conflict
\nwas broadened after 1974 to another context of differences, which, as he said, were\u00a0discovered by Ankara, in relation to the Aegean Sea and that year was crucial for the
\nGreek-Turkish relations, because Turkey managed to actually fulfill its old plan of
\noccupying Cyprus. As he mentioned, Turkey might not have completely occupied
\nCyprus \u2013 it has occupied the northern part \u2013 but tries to control the whole island, through
\na solution that negotiates the future of Cyprus, under conditions of Turkish suzerain.<\/p>\n

After 1974, Professor Yiallourides clarified that Turkey raised issues of GreekTurkish
\nrelations, such as issues discovered in the Aegean Sea and attempted to renew
\nthe Treaty of Lausanne, which settles, as he said, perfectly all the issues related to the
\nAegean Sea, the sovereignty of the Greek islands, the issues of the shelves and air space.
\nIn other words, he said that the Treaty of Lausanne determines the legal framework
\nbetween Greece and Turkey as it was set after 1923; it accords, as it should do, the Greek
\nislands in the Aegean and the Aegean Sea to Greece and recognizes the sovereignty of
\nTurkey in Asia Minor coastline, along with Imvros and Tenedos islands. \u201cTurkey wants
\nand demands to renew the Treaty of Lausanne and to dictate conditions of partition in
\nthe Aegean Sea, regarding the undersea and the airspace,\u201d Professor Yiallourides said,
\nexplaining that \u201cThe relation is problematic when it comes to the Greek sovereignty.\u201d40<\/p>\n

As Professor Yiallourides underlined, the Turkish President, Recep Tayyip
\nErdo\u011fan, does not simply bring up the issue of the selves and sea sovereignty, but also
\nof inhabited areas; President Erdo\u011fan believes that the areas that are closer to Turkey
\nmust be given to Ankara, because Ankara does not recognize the international law as the
\nsystem that regulates the relations between the countries, but that the proximity of the
\nareas: for instance, Turkey argues that Cyprus is not an independent country, it is close
\nto Turkey, and so it belongs to Turkey and similarly, Turkey considers that the Aegean
\nislands in the southeastern side of Aegean, such as Chios and Mytilini, must be under the
\nTurkish sovereignty.<\/p>\n

This is proved by President Erdogan\u2019s words at the 79th anniversary from the death
\nof Ataturk: \u201cLausanne is a treaty, which along with advantages, has also many losses,\u201d
\nand President Erdogan added that \u201cthe submittals that were made with the National
\nOath was the main reason for the security problems that our country [Turkey] faces on
\nits southern borders today\u2026.Those who took us back with the National Oath want us
\nnow to leave behind even the Lausanne [Treaty] and take us back to the Treaty of S\u00e8vres.
\nBut there is something they do not know: current Turkey is not like the yesterday
\nTurkey,\u201d President Erdogan said.41<\/p>\n

The European Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship,
\nDimitris Avramopoulos, who participated in the eighth annual Bosporus Summit on
\nNovember 28, 2017 in Ankara, Turkey, said that -amongst others- he discussed with
\nPresident Erdogan his forthcoming meeting on December 7-8, 2017 with the Prime
\nMinister of Greece, Alexis Tsipras and the President of Greece, Prokopis Pavlopoulos in\u00a0Athens, which is going to be the first visit of the President of Turkey to Greece in 65 years:
\n\u201cTurkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan hopes that his upcoming visit to Greece will
\nbe a catalyst that can further deepen Greek-Turkish ties in all areas\u201d and they \u201cdiscussed
\nMr. Erdogan\u2019s forthcoming visit to Athens, the success of which can inaugurate a new
\nera in Greek-Turkish relations, relations that have been tested many times in the past, but
\nwhich over the last years have clearly improved. They can improve even further in the
\nfuture, to the benefit of both of our peoples and countries.\u201d42<\/p>\n

Turkey\u2019s relations with the EU and US<\/strong><\/p>\n

US-Turkey relations are interrelated with EU-Turkey relations and thus, Turkey\u2019s
\nwestern future depends on its relationship with the EU and the US. Although the
\nOttoman Empire was traditionally against Europe, Turkey\u2019s call for joining Europe dates
\nback earlier than the EU and the establishment of modern Turkey, as by the end of the
\nOttoman Empire, the ruling elite of Constantinople \u201csought salvation in Westernization,\u201d
\nyet Ottoman reforms based on the European model could not save the empire; Islamic
\npride and the need for westernization contributed to the creation of a split Ottoman
\nidentity in the 19th century.43<\/p>\n

The modern Republic of Turkey was established on October 29, 1923, after the fall
\nof the Ottoman Empire. Its founder was the then army officer Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk,
\nwho became the first President of Turkey. President Atat\u00fcrk applied a number of
\nreforms, such as industrialization and secularization, restricting the public role ofreligion
\n– Islam – aiming to Europeanize and Westernize Turkey; changes and alterations were
\nalso mandated on language and dressing style.<\/p>\n

During World War II, Turkey was neutral until it finally joined the Allies in 1945,
\nwithout participating in the actual war. Turkey joined the United Nations, participated
\nin the Marshall Plan (1947), and became a member of the Council of Europe (1949), and
\nNATO (1952). Turkey became a close ally of the United States and Western Europe during
\nthe Cold War; on September 12, 1963, an Association Agreement was signed between the
\nEuropean Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey However, Turkey\u2019s relations with
\nEurope and the US have worsened as \u201cErdogan has been moving away from the West
\nand its NATO allies and has made a point of looking east to Iran and Russia and the
\nMiddle East\u201d and Erdogan has been criticized \u201cthat Turkey has alienated former Western
\nallies and has become increasingly isolated, and in that sense an improvement of ties with
\nGreece will be welcomed all around.\u201d44<\/p>\n

Besides, it is not a coincidence that the President of the US, Donald Trump, met
\nwith the Prime Minister of Greece, Alexis Tsipras, who was accompanied by the Foreign
\nMinister of Greece, Nikos Kotzias, the Defense Minister of Greece, Panos Kammenos, the
\nMinister for Economy and Development of Greece, Dimitri Papadimitriou, and the\u00a0Minister for Digital Policy of Greece, Nikos Pappas, on October 17, 2017 in Washington,
\nto discuss, not only military cooperation, but also US. investment in Greece. As reported,
\n\u201cWith Turkey’s political landscape becoming more volatile after the failed coup attempt
\nin July 2016 against President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Germany’s call for Turkey’s EU
\nhopes ending, Greece could play a more strategic military role for the United States in the
\nMediterranean and Middle East, as well as North Africa. The meeting comes at a time
\nwhen US-Turkish relations are at a boiling point. Tensions are rising over a host of issues,
\nincluding Ankara’s warming ties to Russia as it pivots away from the EU and NATO
\nalliance. Recently, the United States and Turkey suspended visa services to each other’s
\ncountries following the arrest of a US consulate employee.\u201d45<\/p>\n

Positions on Turkey\u2019s EU Candidacy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apart from the issues caused between Cyprus and Turkey, during the opening of
\nother chapters, individual EU member-states expressed reservations with Turkey\u2019s EU
\naccession and some of them proposed a \u201cprivileged partnership\u201d instead. Great Britain
\nfavors Turkey\u2019s full membership to the European Union and put pressure on Cyprus to
\naccept the Anna plan. France, Austria, Holland, Germany and Finland have been against
\nTurkey\u2019s EU membership. While EU-Turkey relations are not at their best, UK -Turkey
\nrelations have remained close.46<\/p>\n

The former President of France, Nicolas Sarcozy, and the German Chancellor,
\nAngela Merkel, were against Turkey\u2019s full EU membership. During the conference of the
\nFrench governing by that time political party, Union pour un Mouvement Populaire \u2013
\nU.M.P., Nicolas Sarcozy said:\u201d I want to be the friend of Turkey, but I declare that there
\nis no place for Turkey in the EU, just because it is extended to Asia Minor. Turkey must
\nbenefit from the privileged partnership status.\u201d He also referred to the meaning of the
\nEuropean enlargement: \u201cBefore we think of the states that they do not belong to Europe,
\nperhaps we should consider the European countries that belong already to it [Europe]. It
\nis imperative to do so, so that we will not trap ourselves. All the neighbor countries to
\nEU. do not have to join EU. If we enlarge the EU forever, then we will diminish the
\npolitical union of Europe.\u201d47<\/p>\n

European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker at a press conference in
\nBrussels commenting on the EU-Turkey\u2019s relations said: \u201cI would like Turkey and us to
\nhave the best relations possible but Turkey for the time [being] is stepping away from the
\nEuropean Union, its basic philosophies, its traditions and ambitions\u2026. \u201cThat\u2019s a choice
\nTurkey has to make, I do think that Turkish authorities are trying to blame the European
\nUnion for having broken the enlargement or accession promise;\u201d He also emphasized
\nthat \u201cWe are not doing that but we want Turkey to re-become European.\u201d48<\/p>\n

Barack Obama stated during his visit to Turkey in 2009 that \u201cThe US. firmly
\nsupports Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy.\u201d At the same time, he expressed the belief that the
\nTurkish accession would strengthen the European Union.49<\/p>\n

The former Minister for Foreign Affairs of France, Bernard Kouchner, said that he
\nwould no longer support the accession of Turkey in the EU, stressing that he was
\n\u201cextremely shocked\u201d by the Turkish pressures during the process of choosing the Prime
\nMinister of Denmark, Lars L\u00f8kke Rasmussen, for the position of the Secretary General of
\nNATO, but then added Turkey, under the US pressures fell back, ensuring many
\nbargains.50<\/p>\n

The EU Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship, Dimitris
\nAvramopoulos, in a written interview with the Turkish newspaper, H\u00fcrriyet Daily News,
\nstressed that Turkey is a \u201ckey partnerfor Europe and Europe is a key partner for Turkey.\u201d
\nHe also said that \u201cEurope and Turkey have a shared history and partnership that goes
\nback several centuries\u201d and that \u201cWe are all committed to continue strengthening our
\npartnership and friendship in all its aspects. Turkey has to continue coming closer to the
\nEU and to the EU\u2019s democratic values and rules.\u201d51<\/p>\n

The Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras noted that \u201cIt was important for Turkey
\nto remain part of the NATO security alliance and continue its orientation towards
\nEurope despite current tensions between the two countries.\u201d52<\/p>\n

Regarding the EU prospect of Turkey, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Greece,
\nNikos Kotzias, stressed that it is in Greece\u2019s interest for its neighbor country [Turkey] to
\nbe a European state. He emphasized that Greece would be the last [country] that would
\nlike to stop these discussions.53<\/p>\n

The President of Greece, Prokopis Pavlopoulos, at an event where he was declared
\nhonorary citizen in Crete mentioned that \u201cwe want a democratic and prosperous Turkey
\nthat will have a European prospect. But for this it demands from the Turkish side, the
\ntotal, sincere and in practice respect to the international and the European law. If there
\nisn’t respect to the international law and to the international treaties, primarily to the
\nTreaty of Lausanne and the Law of the Sea according to Montego Bay treaty in 1982, then
\na real friendship can’t be built.\u201d He further said that \u201cGreece, under its capacity as total
\nmember of the European Union, constitutes a power of peace and safety in the Balkans
\nand for the wider region but it is always ready to safeguard and protect its territory and
\nits sovereignty that are also territory and borders of the European Union54.<\/p>\n

As the Ecumenical Patriarch and Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome,
\nBartholomew, highlighted, \u201cThe European prospect of Turkey encourages our hopes for
\na better future,\u201d however, as His All-Holiness added \u201cfor the moment we have not seen
\nanything specific,\u201d explaining that \u201cNeither the [Greek Orthodox Theological School of]\u00a0Halki has reopened, nor the problems with the properties of our Communities, our\u00a0Churches and our Institutions have been settled, despite the issuance of the new Vakouf\u00a0law .\u2026\u201d The Patriarch also said that \u201cEurope always reminds [ Turkey] of its duty to\u00a0respect the minority rights, especially the religious freedoms, to respect generally the\u00a0human rights.\u201d\u00a055<\/p>\n

President Recep Tayyip Erdogan told the BBC that \u201cIf the EU, bluntly says, ‘We
\nwill not be able to accept Turkey into the EU’ this will be comforting for us…\u201d adding that
\n\u201cThe European Union is not indispensable for us… We are relaxed.\u201d He also said that
\nmost of the Turks did not \u201cwant the EU anymore\u201d and thought the EU\u2019s approach to
\nTurkey was \u201cinsincere,\u201d arguing that \u201cDespite all this we will continue being sincere with
\nthe EU for a little more time.\u201d President Erdogan denied that Turkey had jailed 150
\njournalists, explaining that \u201conly two people with press cards were in prison\u201d and the
\nBBC reported that \u201cMeanwhile, Turkey extended the detention of the local director of
\nAmnesty International and nine others.\u201d56<\/p>\n

During his visit in London, the Turkish Prime Minister, Binali Yildirim, referred
\nto the European Union and Turkey\u2019s EU accession, \u201cAfter the Brexit decision the EU is
\nentirely confused. They need to revisit their vision for the future, how far they are going
\nto enlarge and what place Turkey will have in that. We are here. We are not going
\nanywhere.\u201d57<\/p>\n

Turkey is not in favor of the \u201cspecial partnership.\u201d Neither do all the Turks
\nsupport the EU membership. Minorities and certain Turkish politicians, and individuals,
\nlike the President of the International Strategic Research Organization (USAK\/ISRO),
\nSedat Laciner support Turkey\u2019s accession to the EU According to Turkish sources,
\nTurkey\u2019s EU. membership could be a starting point for a new relationship of Europe with
\nthe Muslim countries, at global level. Europe will have accepted a nation, regardless of
\nits religion beliefs, focusing on financial prosperity, the social solidarity of the memberstates
\nand the promotion of common interests. The Turkish-Islam model of western
\ngoverning will also be promoted, including the clear division of politics and religion.<\/p>\n

However, not all the Turks, who are in favor of Turkey\u2019s accession to Europe, seem
\nto take into account the point of view of the other Muslim countries, as Islamic countries
\nare not particularly interested in Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy. On the contrary, they see
\nTurkey as a \u201cbridgehead of western values at their territory and they do not approve that.
\nThe more Turkey is far away from the West, the better for them\u2026.\u201d58<\/p>\n

Government officers of the Turkish troops disagree with Turkey\u2019s EU
\nmembership, as they do not intend to give in their institutional and political interests.
\nTherefore, they oppose Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy. Furthermore, according to an analysis in
\nNewsweek magazine, surveys show that the popularity of the European idea in Turkey
\nhas lost a great deal of its supporters, reflecting a \u201ctiredness\u201d of the Turkish people due\u00a0to Brussel\u2019s demands, which is interpreted as reluctance and skepticism on how much\u00a0finally the EU accession is the question on the economic development and prosperity of\u00a0the country.59<\/p>\n

The development of a special partnership with Turkey will be decided if the EU
\nwill create an EU Constitution and if a \u201cbig\u201d Europe decides to include Turkey in some
\nmanner. The development of the EU-Turkish relations will define the European
\nperspective of Turkey. If Turkey\u2019s EU accession leads to the creation of a special
\nrelationship due to its religion, then the consequences likely will be negative. If Turkey\u2019s
\nunsuccessful EU accession is based on Turkey\u2019s weakness to fulfill the conditions of entry
\non which every single candidate country is obliged to satisfy, no matter what its religion
\nis, then the consequences will be restricted.<\/p>\n

No matter what kind of relationship will be developed between the EU and
\nTurkey, Great Britain \u2013 despite the Brexit \u2013 is expected to continue supporting the Turkish
\nEU accession for its own strategic reasons. According to the confidential papers of the
\nBritish Home Office, which were publicized forty years after the Turkish invasion in
\nCyprus, in 2004, the future of Cyprus was based on a British \u201cplan\u201d with parameters, to
\nsafeguard the British interests \u2013 to retain the bases in Cyprus. This plan has been applied
\nto a large extent. As long as Turkey is consistent with the British interests, then Turkey
\nwill have British support on issues related to Cyprus and the Aegean. An example of the
\nactual British support towards Turkey was shown through the British contribution to the
\ndevelopment of the Annan Plan for Cyprus. Cyprus might not be a British colony any
\nmore, however Great Britain continues to exert on Cyprus a policy of predominant
\nsuperiority.<\/p>\n

It is obvious that Turkey is full of loose ends, not just with Europe and the US, but
\nalso internally. Turkey faces many internal problems, especially when it comes on human
\nrights protection and the function of democracy. Europe sees Turkey moving away from
\nits European future, as Turkey has been transformed in practice to an authoritarian and
\nIslamic country. Germany, France, and Austria have often expressed, through some of
\ntheir officials, that they do not wish a full EU membership of Turkey, but rather a special
\npartnership, perhaps according to the \u201cBrexit model\u201d \u2013 if it will be proved successful.
\nThis, despite the fact that might be desirable by Germany and other EU member-states,
\nit would be perhaps another way for UK-Turkey to continue their plans on Cyprus.<\/p>\n

Turkey apparently feels isolated for its positions at European and international
\nlevel and recently expressed the need to increase the number of \u201cfriends\u201d and restrict the
\nnumber of the \u201cenemies.\u201d Recognizing that EU-Turkish relations were conflicting,
\nespecially over the last year, especially with Germany, Holland and Belgium, Erdo\u011fan
\nsaid that Turkey wants to have good relations with the EU, hoping that the fact that the
\nEU and Turkey shared the same opinion on the issue of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, this\u00a0would be a reason for improving EU-Turkish relations. It is doubtful that Turkey really
\nwants to join the EU. It seems that Turkey uses its EU. candidacy as a diplomatic pawn
\nto get other concession. Besides, Turkey strives to become the \u201cleader\u201d of the Arab
\ncountries. A great recent example of Turkey\u2019s attempt to become the leader of the Islamic
\nworld is Turkey\u2019s opposition to Israel, when the US, through Trump, recognized
\nJerusalem as Israel’s capital. The Arab countries do not show any trust towards Turkey,
\nneither show that they want Turkey to lead the way on behalf of the Islamic world. On
\nthe contrary, Turkey, through Erdo\u011fan, had been the \u201cmediator\u201d of Israel to recover
\nIsraeli-Palestine relations and Israeli-Arab countries in general. The Arab world
\nconsidered Erdo\u011fan closer to Israel than to them and do not accept Turkey\u2019s leadership
\nin the Arab countries.<\/p>\n

US-Turkish relations have also altered. Turkey, the \u201ctraditional\u201d ally of the US,
\ncooperates with Russia and Iran and accuses the US of being involved with the failed
\ncoup in Turkey, as the US denies that G\u00fclen has any connection to the coup. The US. says
\nthat Turkey has not provided adequate information to extradite G\u00fclen from the US. to
\nTurkey. Turkey has been opposed to the US in a non-diplomatic way by arresting staff
\nworking at the US consulate in Constantinople under the accusation that there are
\nconnections with G\u00fclen. It also stopped offering full visa services to Americans to which
\nthe US responded accordingly in regard to the visa services to the Turks. The US does not
\nshow trust to Turkey, although the US tries to deal with Turkey in a diplomatic way,
\nrecognizing that US staff might be in danger.<\/p>\n

Despite the fact that democratization of Turkey was occurring in theory, and not
\nin real terms, Greece supports Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy, as it is believed that a
\nEuropeanized Turkey will be much more preferred than an Islamic Turkey. To this
\ncontext the first visit of the President of Turkey in 65 years was paid recently to Greece in
\na period of time that Turkey had been isolated for its positions from other countries.
\nGreece hopes by acting as it does that Turkey will finally respect international and
\nEuropean law, including the Lausanne Treaty, and therefore the status quo in the Aegean
\nSea. Cyprus hoped that by joining the EU, it would put pressure on Turkey to recognize
\nthe Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus will block Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy until Turkey applies
\nthe \u2018Additional Protocol to the Ankara Association Agreement\u2019 to Cyprus. Realizing that
\nTurkey all these years continues not to comply with the European framework and not to
\nrecognize the Republic of Cyprus, the question that arises is whether Cyprus should try
\nfigure an alternative way that would solve the Cyprus problem. Taking into account that
\nTurkey\u2019s position as a western ally has been weakened, and that Cyprus, along with
\nGreece, have managed to become allies with countries such as Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan
\nand Israel, that have closer ties with the US and not in the same way as with Turkey. This
\nmight prove useful as a \u201ctool\u201d of pressure for Turkey to improve Greek and Cypriot
\nrelations with Turkey.<\/p>\n

————–<\/p>\n

1 Eur-lex.europa.eu. (2017). Glossary of summaries – EUR-Lex. [online] Available at: http:\/\/eurlex.europa.eu\/summary\/glossary\/screening.html
\n[Accessed 2 Nov. 2017.
\n2 Europarl.europa.eu. (2017). The Enlargement of the Union EU fact sheets
\nhttp:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/atyourservice\/en\/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_6.5.1.html
\n[Accessed 31 Oct. 2017].
\n3
\nIbid.
\n4
\nIbid.
\n5
\nIbid.
\n6
\nIbid.
\n7 Drupal. (2017). Accession Negotiations. https:\/\/www.avrupa.info.tr\/en\/accession negotiations- 720
\n[Accessed 9 Nov. 2017].
\n8 Eur-lex.europa.eu, (2017).
\n9 Europarl.europa.eu. (2017).
\n10 Ibid.
\n11 Ibid.
\n12Avrupa.info.tr. (2017). EU and Turkey’s History | EU in Turkey. [online]
\nhttps:\/\/www.avrupa.info.tr\/en\/eu-and-turkeys-history-711 [Accessed 31 Oct. 2017].
\n13 Nathalie Tocci. Turkey\u2019s European Future: Behind the Scenes of America\u2019s Influence on EU-Turkey
\nRelations. (NY: NYU Press, 2011). pp.121-122. https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/book\/12520 [E-book accessed
\n9 Nov. 2017].
\n14 Despina Afentouli. The Position of the British Press in the Greek-Turkish Relations, 1955-1965.
\nAthens: Gutenberg, (2012), pp.263, 275-279.
\n15 Avrupa.info.tr, (2017)
\n16 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2017). From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign
\nAffairs. http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/relations-between-turkey-and-the-european-union.en.mfa
\n[Accessed 2 Nov. 2017].
\n17 Europarl.europa.eu, (2017).
\n18 Anadolu Agency. (2017). EU Commissioner Fule: Positive Agenda to put EU process back on track.
\nhttp:\/\/aa.com.tr\/en\/turkey\/eu-commissioner-fule-positive-agenda-to-put-eu-process-back-ontrack\/367648
\n[Accessed 4 Nov. 2017].
\n19 Ibid.
\n20 Europarl.europa.eu, (2017).
\n21 Ibid.
\n22 Europa.eu. (2017). European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Daily News 08\/11\/2017.
\nhttp:\/\/europa.eu\/rapid\/press-release_MEX-17-4463_en.htm [Accessed 9 Nov. 2017].
\n23 Consilium.europa.eu. (2017). 2018 EU Budget Adopted. htttp:\/\/www.consilium.europa.
\neu\/en\/press\/press-releases\/2017\/11\/30\/2018-eu-budget-adopted\/# [Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n24 Afentouli, (2012), and Politis (2004): The opponents of the Turkish accession: “unbearable the
\ncost” [\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2: “\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.”]
\n25 Gov.uk. (2017). Turkey: Latest Killer Facts About the Economy.
\nhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/turkey-latest-killer-facts-about-theeconomy\/turkey-latest-killer-facts-about-the-economy
\n[Accessed 11 Nov. 2017].
\n26 Press, T. (2017). Erdogan Aide: Turkey Should Review NATO Membership. Nytimes.com.
\nhttps:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/aponline\/2017\/11\/20\/world\/europe\/ap-eu-turkey-nato.html [Accessed
\n22 Nov. 2017].
\n27 The Economist. (2017) http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/3500259 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017] and
\nThe Huffington Post (2017). The Huffington Post (2017), Turkey\u2019s Top Cleric Calls Islamic ‘Caliphate’
\nIllegitimate. https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2014\/07\/22\/turkey-cleric-islamiccaliphate_n_5610215.html
\n[Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
\n28 Afentouli, 2012. p. 130.
\n29 Reuters. (2017). Turkey orders detention of 216 people in post-coup probe: Anadolu. [online] Available
\nat: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-turkey-security\/turkey-orders-detention-of-216-peoplein-post-coup-probe-anadolu-idUSKBN1DM0KK?il=0
\n[Accessed 23 Nov. 2017].
\n30Human Rights Watch. (2017). Turkey. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/worldreport\/2017\/countrychapters\/turkey
\n[Accessed 23 Nov. 2017].
\n31 Ibid.
\n32 AF. (2017). Turkey to cut European rights funding to protest award for jailed judge.
\nhttps:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idAFKBN1DG2TL [Accessed 22 Nov. 2017].
\n33 Reuters. (2017). Turkey orders detention of 216 people in post-coup probe: Anadolu.
\nhttps:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-turkey-security\/turkey-orders-detention-of-216-people-inpost-coup-probe-anadolu-idUSKBN1DM0KK?il=0
\n[Accessed 23 Nov. 2017]. Human Rights
\nWatch. (2017).
\n34 (www.dw.com), 2017)
\n35 Human Rights Watch, (20170 and Middle East Eye (2017). Turkish academics face terror probe for
\ncriticizing military campaign. http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/ (2017) news\/prosecution-academicswho-signed-petition-calling-end-violence-southeast-turkey-802632017
\n[Accessed 25 Nov. 2017].
\n36 Europarl.europa.eu
\n37 Afentouli, D. (2017). The Cyprus Issue-Aegean: Promotion of national issues in the U.S. [\u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc-
\n\u0391\u03b9\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bf: \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397.\u03a0.\u0391.]. [online] Newgreektv.com. Available at:
\nhttp:\/\/newgreektv.com\/2013-09-18-19-03-02\/2013-09-18-19-06-01\/item\/21564-kypriako-aigaioanadeixi-ethnikon-thematon-stis-hpa
\n[Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
\n38 Riknews.com.cy, 2017.
\n39 Afentouli, D. (2017). The Treaty of Lausanne, the Aegean and the Cyprus Issue [\u0397 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2
\n\u039b\u03c9\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u0391\u03b9\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc]. [online] Newgreektv.com. Available at:
\nhttp:\/\/newgreektv.com\/2013-09-18-19-03-02\/2013-09-18-19-03-39\/item\/21181-i-synthiki-tislozannis-to-aigaio-kai-to-kypriako
\n[Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
\n40 Ibid.<\/p>\n

41 Mignatiou.com. (2017). Erdogan’s new challenge: The Lausanne Treaty caused “losses” to the Southern\u00a0suburbs of Turkey [\u039d\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u0395\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd: \u0397 \u039b\u03c9\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u201c\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2\u201d \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1
\n\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 http:\/\/mignatiou.com\/2017\/11\/nea-proklisi-erntogan-i-lozani-prokalese-zimies-stanotia-sinora-tis-tourkias\/
\n[Accessed 1 Dec. 2017].
\n42 (2017). Erdogan-Avramopoulos discuss migration, Athens visit. [online] TO BHMA International.
\nhttp:\/\/www.tovima.gr\/en\/article\/?aid=919960 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n43Winning Turkey: How America, Europe, and Turkey Can Revive a Fading Partnership. [e-book]
\nWashington: Brookings Institution Press, (2017). pp. 8-48. Available at: https:\/\/muse-jhuedu.i.ezproxy.nypl.org\/chapter\/1191192
\n[Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
\n44 Gall, C. (2017). Trump may open US wallet for debt-ridden NATO ally Greece at urgent time. [online]
\nCNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2017\/10\/17\/trumps-message-to-tsipras-us-may-up-investment-innato-ally-greece.html
\n[Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n45 Ioannou, L. (2017). Trump may open US wallet for debt-ridden NATO ally Greece at urgent time.
\nUk.finance.yahoo.com. https:\/\/uk.finance.yahoo.com\/news\/why-debt-ridden-greece-may125000684.html
\n[Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n46Ft.com. (2017). Turkey\u2019s EU accession: the way forward. https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/81b92208-
\n9d50-11e7-9a86-4d5a475ba4c5 [Accessed 12 Nov. 2017].
\n47 Afentouli (2012), pp.263, 275-279 and Ioannidou, K. (2008). Against Turkey’s EU accession
\n[\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395.\u0395.]. Athens News Agency.
\n48 Anadolu Agency, 2017
\n49 Athens News Agency – Macedonian News Agency (April 6, 2009). USA-Turkey-Parliament:
\nObama repeats that he supports Turkey’s accession in the EU. He calls people not to give in the
\npessimism regarding the Middle East Issue.
\n50 Athens News Agency – Macedonian News Agency (2009). France-Turkey-EU-“I do not any
\nlonger support Turkey’s accession in the EU.” Kouchner declared.
\n51H\u00fcrriyet Daily News. (2017). EU commissioner calls on Turkey to \u2018move closer to Brussels and its
\nvalues\u2019. http:\/\/www.hurriyetdailynews.com\/eu-commissioner-calls-on-turkey-to-move-closer-tobrussels-and-its-values-123085
\n[Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n52 Reuters. (2017). Greek prime minister says Turkey should continue its European orientation.
\nhttps:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/uk-usa-greece-turkey\/greek-prime-minister-says-turkey-shouldcontinue-its-european-orientation-idUKKBN1CM2Q6
\n[Accessed 1 Dec. 2017].
\n53 To Vima (2017) Erdogan-Avramopoulos discuss migration, Athens visit. [online] TO BHMA
\nInternational. http:\/\/www.tovima.gr\/en\/article\/?aid=919960 [Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n54 Amna.gr. (2017). Greece a power of safety and peace in the Balkans and the wider region, says President
\nPavlopoulos. http:\/\/www.amna.gr\/en\/article\/208271\/Greece-a-power-of-safety-and-peace-in-theBalkans-and-the-wider-region–says-President-Pavlopoulos
\n[Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n55Athens News Agency – Macedonian News Agency (2008). Turkey-EU : The Ecumenical
\nPatriarch Bartholomew declared that the European prospect of Turkey encourages the hopes for
\nthe solution of the Halki and the Vakoufs issues.<\/p>\n

56 BBC News. (2017). EU wastes Turkey’s time, says Erdogan. http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/worldeurope-40577216
\n[Accessed 3 Dec. 2017].
\n57Reuters. (2017). Turkish PM says EU confused since Brexit, needs to revisit Turkey’s future place.
\nhttps:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-eu-turkey\/turkish-pm-says-eu-confused-since-brexit-needsto-revisit-turkeys-future-place-idUSKBN1DR1ZE
\n[Accessed 2 Dec. 2017].
\n58 Afentouli (2012). p. 279. Athanasainas, Panagiotis. (October 12, 2006). Turkey between the West
\nand Islam [\u0397 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0399\u03c3\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc]. Kathimerini.
\n59 Afentouli (2012). p. 279. Athanasainas, (October 12, 2006).<\/p>\n

Source: http:\/\/www.ahifworld.org\/uploads\/1\/1\/7\/1\/117198244\/5-turkey_as_an_eu_candidate_country.pdf<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AHIF Policy Journal Volume 9: Spring 2018 Turkey as an EU candidate country Despina Afentouli In 1987, Turkey applied for full membership to the European Union (EU), yet the European-Turkish relations have been tested in a number of ways. Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy has caused contradicting points of view, including the …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3052,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[707,712,706,711,705,709,710,708],"class_list":["post-3046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category--en","tag-ahif-policy-journal","tag-american-hellenic-institute-foundation","tag-eu-candidate-country","tag-eu-enlargement","tag-europe","tag-european-turkish-relations","tag-greek-turkish-relations","tag-journal","has-thumbnail"],"yoast_head":"\nTurkey as an EU candidate country - \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Turkey as an EU candidate country - \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AHIF Policy Journal Volume 9: Spring 2018 Turkey as an EU candidate country Despina Afentouli In 1987, Turkey applied for full membership to the European Union (EU), yet the European-Turkish relations have been tested in a number of ways. Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy has caused contradicting points of view, including the …\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-08T17:42:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-02-09T00:04:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"299\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"261\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"dafentouli\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"dafentouli\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"44 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/\",\"name\":\"Turkey as an EU candidate country - \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-08T17:42:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-09T00:04:13+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#\/schema\/person\/20781629e5d05e7e5e20155c4549483c\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png\",\"width\":299,\"height\":261},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Turkey as an EU candidate country\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/\",\"name\":\"\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\",\"description\":\"\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#\/schema\/person\/20781629e5d05e7e5e20155c4549483c\",\"name\":\"dafentouli\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/www.dafentouli.gr\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/author\/dafentouli\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Turkey as an EU candidate country - \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Turkey as an EU candidate country - \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7","og_description":"AHIF Policy Journal Volume 9: Spring 2018 Turkey as an EU candidate country Despina Afentouli In 1987, Turkey applied for full membership to the European Union (EU), yet the European-Turkish relations have been tested in a number of ways. Turkey\u2019s EU candidacy has caused contradicting points of view, including the …","og_url":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/","og_site_name":"\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7","article_published_time":"2018-02-08T17:42:12+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-02-09T00:04:13+00:00","og_image":[{"width":299,"height":261,"url":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"dafentouli","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"dafentouli","Est. reading time":"44 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/","url":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/","name":"Turkey as an EU candidate country - \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png","datePublished":"2018-02-08T17:42:12+00:00","dateModified":"2018-02-09T00:04:13+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#\/schema\/person\/20781629e5d05e7e5e20155c4549483c"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ahif-logo-t-1.png","width":299,"height":261},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/turkey-eu-candidate-country\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae","item":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Turkey as an EU candidate country"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/","name":"\u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7","description":"\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/#\/schema\/person\/20781629e5d05e7e5e20155c4549483c","name":"dafentouli","sameAs":["http:\/\/www.dafentouli.gr"],"url":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/author\/dafentouli\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3046","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3046"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3046\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3051,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3046\/revisions\/3051"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3052"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3046"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3046"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.afentouli.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3046"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}